Tilly (1990) — Coercion, Capital & European States
Convoys emerge from protection logic, not planning. Merchants pay escort costs only when crimeRate exceeds threshold.

Schelling (1966) — Arms and Influence:
The convoy is self-enforcing — nobody needs to invite anyone, because every member raises collective defense, punishing free-riding.

Ibn Battuta (1325–1354): Never traveled alone. Always joined groups at caravanserai stops.